Wednesday, 7 July 2010

Electric Automobile options coming soon!

The auto industry has been scrambling to find ways and technology to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Over the past 10 years, the automobile has changed dramatically from large SUVs ruling the roads to cars so small they could be mistaken for an enclosed golf cart -- or even a go cart. The first push to reduce dependence was ethanol and hybrids. Both would prove to help bridge that gap, although some consumers would find it hard to justify the cost of buying a hybrid versus a similar model for several thousands less. For 2010 and 2011, we should see a wave of electric vehicles hitting the show room floors.
Ford, Chevy and Nissan will probably be the first to sell electric vehicles in the United States. Although limited on a charge, they may prove beneficial in certain situations allowing companies to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gases. All three of the auto companies mentioned above are bringing at least one electric-powered car or van to consumers by the end of 2010. The neat thing is that they are very similar but also different in terms of what they are designed to do.

Read this news @ http://www.evhub.in/news/146#146


Articles which may be of interest to you. 

Pros & Cons of Electric Vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/pros-cons-of-electric-vehicles

Switch on your six sense for Electric vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/switch-on-your-six-sense-for-electric-vehicles
Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles @ http://www.evhub.in/content/petition-to-supreme-court-of-india-to-issue-direction-to-government-to-promote-electric-vehicles/
India Ready For Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr. Ananth , M.M. Technologies , Mysore @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles/
India Ready for Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr.Ananth part 2 @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles-by-mrananth---2/
Brushless DC Motors - Technology For Future Transportation. Read this article @ http://www.evhub.in/content/brushless-dc-motors---technology-for-future-transportation/
How About Creating An Electric Vehicle Platform For Individuals Businesses And Like Minded People @ http://www.evhub.in/content/how-about-creating-an-electric-vehicle-platform-for-individuals-businesses-and-like-minded-people/
An Esoteric Presentation On Electric Bikes In India @ http://www.evhub.in/content/an-esoteric-presentation-on-electric-bikes-in-india/

The Gullwing Goes Electric

Mercedes debuts a prototype of the AMG E-Cell Gullwing that features four electric motors promising 0 to 100 km/h speeds of 4 seconds

The Audi e-tron has been at the top of our list of awesome electric cars for some time. Now there's a new contender — the SLS AMG E-CELL. Mercedes-AMG hinted at the possibility of an electric drive SLS gullwing last year and has now rolled-out a prototype which looks set for small series production. Along with a very hard to miss fluorescent "AMG lumilectric magno" paint job, the prototype features four electric motors positioned near each of the wheels which produce 392 kW and 880 Nm of instantaneous torque and acceleration of zero to 100 km/h in 4 seconds — just 0.2 seconds under the performance of the 6.3-litre V8 SLS AMG.
Instead of hub motors, the gullwing SLS E-CELL uses four compact electric motors positioned near to the wheels (two for each axle) to reduce unsprung weight. Each motor achieve a maximum rpm of 12,000/rpm for a combined output of 392 kW.

Read this news @ http://www.evhub.in/news/145#145


Articles which may be of interest to you. 

Pros & Cons of Electric Vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/pros-cons-of-electric-vehicles

Switch on your six sense for Electric vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/switch-on-your-six-sense-for-electric-vehicles
Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles @ http://www.evhub.in/content/petition-to-supreme-court-of-india-to-issue-direction-to-government-to-promote-electric-vehicles/
Brushless DC Motors - Technology For Future Transportation. Read this article @ http://www.evhub.in/content/brushless-dc-motors---technology-for-future-transportation/
How About Creating An Electric Vehicle Platform For Individuals Businesses And Like Minded People @ http://www.evhub.in/content/how-about-creating-an-electric-vehicle-platform-for-individuals-businesses-and-like-minded-people/
An Esoteric Presentation On Electric Bikes In India @ http://www.evhub.in/content/an-esoteric-presentation-on-electric-bikes-in-india/

BMW's drive down electric avenue

BMW is investing a lot into developing its Megacity car, being produced under the auspices of a futuristic sounding Project i – but will the car it produces bear the BMW badge?
SOMETIMES being first isn’t being clever. It is a statement I put to Ulrich Kranz, who heads the almost Hollywood-movie-sounding Project i, BMW’s cross-departmental think-tank. It was created to redesign, rework and reboot the way we think about electric vehicles and perhaps urban transportation overall.
By the time 2013 rolls around, BMW, a brand that prides itself on innovation, might be just another brand, launching just another electric car, with Nissan’s much-hyped Leaf, Renault’s Fluence EV and Opel’s Ampera likely to be pretty common on our roads.
But does BMW know something the others don’t? You would have to wonder, with BMW beating the hydrogen technology drum for so long, whether perhaps all this huge investment, relatively late in the game in electric cars, is somewhat reactionary?

Read this news @ http://www.evhub.in/news/144#144


Articles which may be of interest to you. 

Pros & Cons of Electric Vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/pros-cons-of-electric-vehicles

Switch on your six sense for Electric vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/switch-on-your-six-sense-for-electric-vehicles
Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles @ http://www.evhub.in/content/petition-to-supreme-court-of-india-to-issue-direction-to-government-to-promote-electric-vehicles/
India Ready For Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr. Ananth , M.M. Technologies , Mysore @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles/
India Ready for Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr.Ananth part 2 @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles-by-mrananth---2/
Brushless DC Motors - Technology For Future Transportation. Read this article @ http://www.evhub.in/content/brushless-dc-motors---technology-for-future-transportation/
How About Creating An Electric Vehicle Platform For Individuals Businesses And Like Minded People @ http://www.evhub.in/content/how-about-creating-an-electric-vehicle-platform-for-individuals-businesses-and-like-minded-people/
An Esoteric Presentation On Electric Bikes In India @ http://www.evhub.in/content/an-esoteric-presentation-on-electric-bikes-in-india/

Tesla prices public offer at $17

Tesla Motors, a manufacturer of electric vehicles and electric vehicle powertrain components, has announced its initial public offering of 13.3 million shares of its common stock at a price of $17 per share.
The shares have already begun trading on the Nasdaq global select market under the ticker symbol 'TSLA'. Of the shares in the offering, 11.88 million shares are being offered by the company and 1.42 million shares are being offered by selling stockholders.

Read this news @ http://www.evhub.in/news/143#143


Articles which may be of interest to you. 

Pros & Cons of Electric Vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/pros-cons-of-electric-vehicles

Switch on your six sense for Electric vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/switch-on-your-six-sense-for-electric-vehicles
Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles @ http://www.evhub.in/content/petition-to-supreme-court-of-india-to-issue-direction-to-government-to-promote-electric-vehicles/
India Ready For Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr. Ananth , M.M. Technologies , Mysore @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles/
India Ready for Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr.Ananth part 2 @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles-by-mrananth---2/
Brushless DC Motors - Technology For Future Transportation. Read this article @ http://www.evhub.in/content/brushless-dc-motors---technology-for-future-transportation/
How About Creating An Electric Vehicle Platform For Individuals Businesses And Like Minded People @ http://www.evhub.in/content/how-about-creating-an-electric-vehicle-platform-for-individuals-businesses-and-like-minded-people/
An Esoteric Presentation On Electric Bikes In India @ http://www.evhub.in/content/an-esoteric-presentation-on-electric-bikes-in-india/

Shenzhen starts green-car subsidy pilot project

Shanghai, July 7 (Gasgoo.com) On July 6, officials from Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Science, Ministry of Industry and Information and the National Development and Reform Commission gathered in Shenzhen yesterday for the launch ceremony of subsidies for private purchasing of new energy vehicles.
Zhang Shaochun, vice minister of the Ministry of Finance said that the highest subsidy for the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is 50,000 yuan ($7,350) per unit while the subsidy for per pure electric vehicle is 60,000 yuan. Thus, the promotion of new energy vehicles took its substantive step in Shenzhen.

Read this news @ http://www.evhub.in/news/142#142


Articles which may be of interest to you. 

Pros & Cons of Electric Vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/pros-cons-of-electric-vehicles

Switch on your six sense for Electric vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/switch-on-your-six-sense-for-electric-vehicles
Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles @ http://www.evhub.in/content/petition-to-supreme-court-of-india-to-issue-direction-to-government-to-promote-electric-vehicles/
India Ready For Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr. Ananth , M.M. Technologies , Mysore @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles/
India Ready for Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr.Ananth part 2 @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles-by-mrananth---2/
Brushless DC Motors - Technology For Future Transportation. Read this article @ http://www.evhub.in/content/brushless-dc-motors---technology-for-future-transportation/
How About Creating An Electric Vehicle Platform For Individuals Businesses And Like Minded People @ http://www.evhub.in/content/how-about-creating-an-electric-vehicle-platform-for-individuals-businesses-and-like-minded-people/
An Esoteric Presentation On Electric Bikes In India @ http://www.evhub.in/content/an-esoteric-presentation-on-electric-bikes-in-india/

Latest Sporty Electric Vehicle

The newest electric caris a sport looking model with a 250 miles range.


Tesla has finally released details of its newest prodigy, the racy-looking electric car known as Roadster 2.5. The vehicle brags a 250 mile maximum driving range.

A rear air diffuser, new grill and front bumper, diffusing vents and ‘directional’ forged wheels give the vehicle a distinctive sporty appearance. Even in extremely hot climates the modified power control system allows ‘spirited driving’.
Some critics, however, are cynical of Tesla’s ‘save-the-world’ campaign that has caught the attention of the media, as well as many investors. 
Senior editor of Fourtune, Adam Lashinsky, one very vocal critic, says "While Tesla drivers may pat themselves on the back because their cars don't emit foul greenhouse gases, half the electricity needed to charge the batteries that make the cars run comes from burning coal."
Wind power may represent around 3% of electricity production in the United States, coal accounts for about 50%. 


Read this news @ http://www.evhub.in/news/141#141


Articles which may be of interest to you. 

Pros & Cons of Electric Vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/pros-cons-of-electric-vehicles

Switch on your six sense for Electric vehicles @ http://evcontest.evhub.biz/article-archives/switch-on-your-six-sense-for-electric-vehicles
Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles @ http://www.evhub.in/content/petition-to-supreme-court-of-india-to-issue-direction-to-government-to-promote-electric-vehicles/
India Ready For Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr. Ananth , M.M. Technologies , Mysore @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles/
India Ready for Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr.Ananth part 2 @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles-by-mrananth---2/
Brushless DC Motors - Technology For Future Transportation. Read this article @ http://www.evhub.in/content/brushless-dc-motors---technology-for-future-transportation/
How About Creating An Electric Vehicle Platform For Individuals Businesses And Like Minded People @ http://www.evhub.in/content/how-about-creating-an-electric-vehicle-platform-for-individuals-businesses-and-like-minded-people/
An Esoteric Presentation On Electric Bikes In India @ http://www.evhub.in/content/an-esoteric-presentation-on-electric-bikes-in-india/

Tuesday, 6 July 2010

Switch on your six sense for Electric vehicles by Selvan

SWITCH ON YOUR SIXTH SENSE FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE


The science, the people—the business—of the quickly evolving, fast growing EV Technology
ELECTRIC BIKE (ECONOMIC VEHICLE)

WHY  PEOPLE SHOULD GO FOR ELECTRIC BIKE? Let Us see:
First year

One battery capacity                                        =300 cycles
one cycle                                                   =60km
Total km for one battery                             =60*300
                                                                        =18000km
Current charge for one cycle(maximum)  =Rs.5/-
Current charge for 300 cycle                     =300*5
  Tottal money  for current charge 
                                              to one year         =Rs.1500/-
          
18000 km for  Rs.1500
                   

Pros & Cons of Electric Vehicles - 1st prize winner of June 2010 Article contest

If you want to…             
              Have a road free from fumes
              Have roads free from noise
              Have roads free from moisture
              Have soot less air
              Have clearer sky
              Have Healthy environment
              Have greener planet
              Have good ozone
A Battery Electric Vehicle, an automotive device, operates by an electrical source stored by a battery
pack which converts the electrical energy into chemical energy and again to electrical energy to
drive an electric motor that turns its wheels
     Battery (Chemical Energy)
        Electrical Energy from Power source
       Electrical Energy to Motor 
An electric vehicle is an automobile that uses an electric motor for propulsion, in place of more
common propulsion methods such as the internal combustion engine (ICE)


Why the Battery Vehicle?

See how we destroy our valuable gift of god… As all of us know that the earth is being protected by OZONE, by which we are escaping from the huge amount of heat of sun.             



The following eight key ambient air pollutants:
·        Carbon monoxide;
·        Benzene;
·        1.3-butadiene;
·        Lead;
·        Sulphur dioxide;
·        Ozone;
·        Nitrogen dioxide (NO2);
·        Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
·        Particles (PM10).

Winners of June 2010 Article writing contest !

Winners of June 2010 contest


Best Articles for June 2010 Contest ! 

Article title Pros & Cons of Electric vehicles by Mr. Dennis M ( 1 st prize ) 

Article title Switch on your six sense for Electric vehicles by Mr. Selvan ( Consolation ) 

July 2010 Contest is ready to accept your articles @ 

Saturday, 3 July 2010

Article writing competition for the month of JULY, and entries are being accepted. Entry is Free !

Article writing competition for the month of JULY, and entries are being accepted. Entry is Free ! 

Topic " Pollution free Technologies " 

Last date of submitting articles is 31th July 2010. Write your articles as per our Contest rules and email us to articles@evhub.biz

Results will be declared and published on this page by 10th July 2010. 


Nissan to Open U.S.-Based Electric Car Assembly Plant

Nissan has launched one of the first interactive iAd mobile marketing campaigns for the new Apple, Inc. (AAPL) iPhone 4, and it's taking the chance to promote its new all-electric Leaf passenger car. Although hybrid vehicles have been around in the U.S. for years (think Toyota Prius), all-electric cars have been limited to those teeny-tiny, mileage-limited vehicles. Nissan wants to change that with the four-door Leaf sedan.
To help it reach this goal, the company will be producing the Leaf in a new U.S. factory. The new factory will produce the Lithium-ion batteries and complete Leaf automobile assemblies, and will be located in one of Nissan's existing haunts in the U.S. -- Smyrna Tennessee.

Read this news @ http://www.evhub.in/news/140#140


For more updates
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Articles which may be of interest to you. 
Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles @ http://www.evhub.in/content/petition-to-supreme-court-of-india-to-issue-direction-to-government-to-promote-electric-vehicles/
India Ready For Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr. Ananth , M.M. Technologies , Mysore @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles/
India Ready for Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr.Ananth part 2 @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles-by-mrananth---2/
Brushless DC Motors - Technology For Future Transportation. Read this article @ http://www.evhub.in/content/brushless-dc-motors---technology-for-future-transportation/
How About Creating An Electric Vehicle Platform For Individuals Businesses And Like Minded People @ http://www.evhub.in/content/how-about-creating-an-electric-vehicle-platform-for-individuals-businesses-and-like-minded-people/
An Esoteric Presentation On Electric Bikes In India @ http://www.evhub.in/content/an-esoteric-presentation-on-electric-bikes-in-india/

Dealers ready to plug in to Volt

Chevrolet dealerships in the area are getting energized for next year's arrival of the Chevrolet Volt.
"I expect it to do well because it's the first practical car on the market," said Bill Guibeaut, sales manager for H&L Chevrolet in New Canaan, who looked over the vehicle at the New York International Auto Show and has orders for three of them. "It's not a golf cart."
General Motors on Thursday announced that the vehicle, which can run for 40 miles on 8 kilowatt hours of electric power before switching over to its gas engine, will be available in Chevy retail locations in Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Texas by next year. Dealerships in California, Michigan and Washington, D.C., are slated to receive the Volt in October.
"I'm sure there will be lines for this," said Philip Gray, sales manager for Dan Perkins Chevrolet in Milford, who expects the car to sell in the mid-$30,000 range with applicable tax credits. "It'll be shaped like a sporty sedan."
GM will require Volt dealers to keep one in the store for test drives and have a 240-volt charging station in the dealership to charge the car in three or four hours and specialists on hand for sales and service. The car, which stores the electricity in a lithiuim-ion battery in the rear of the car, also can be charged in about 10 hours from a residential outlet with the use of an 120-volt cord that comes with every car.


For more updates
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Articles which may be of interest to you. 
Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles @ http://www.evhub.in/content/petition-to-supreme-court-of-india-to-issue-direction-to-government-to-promote-electric-vehicles/
India Ready For Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr. Ananth , M.M. Technologies , Mysore @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles/
India Ready for Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr.Ananth part 2 @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles-by-mrananth---2/
Brushless DC Motors - Technology For Future Transportation. Read this article @ http://www.evhub.in/content/brushless-dc-motors---technology-for-future-transportation/
How About Creating An Electric Vehicle Platform For Individuals Businesses And Like Minded People @ http://www.evhub.in/content/how-about-creating-an-electric-vehicle-platform-for-individuals-businesses-and-like-minded-people/
An Esoteric Presentation On Electric Bikes In India @ http://www.evhub.in/content/an-esoteric-presentation-on-electric-bikes-in-india/

Electric vehicles will take part in Fourth of July parade in C-U

CHAMPAIGN – Folks intrigued by innovative electric vehicles can see three of them Sunday in the Fourth of July Parade in Champaign-Urbana.
The most unusual is the TW4XP electric vehicle, made by Fine Mobile of Germany. That vehicle recently qualified as one of 15 finalists in the Progressive Automotive X-Prize competition in Michigan. The competition pits super fuel-efficient vehicles against each other.
The three-wheeled TW4XP can go as fast as 70 miles per hour and gets 100 miles per gallon, according to Martin Moscheid, the chief executive officer of Fine Mobile. His brother, Wolfgang, will drive the vehicle in Sunday's parade.
Parade-goers can also see a TWIKE, driven by Matt Childress of Champaign and made by the same German company. About 960 of those vehicles have been sold worldwide, most of them in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Twenty or so are in the United States.
The third electric vehicle will be the EC3 prototype developed by Sugar Rides, a local company co-founded by Randy Reisinger, Bryan Wilcox, Mercedes Mane and Keeley Kabala.


For more updates
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Articles which may be of interest to you. 
Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles @ http://www.evhub.in/content/petition-to-supreme-court-of-india-to-issue-direction-to-government-to-promote-electric-vehicles/
India Ready For Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr. Ananth , M.M. Technologies , Mysore @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles/
India Ready for Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr.Ananth part 2 @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles-by-mrananth---2/
Brushless DC Motors - Technology For Future Transportation. Read this article @ http://www.evhub.in/content/brushless-dc-motors---technology-for-future-transportation/
How About Creating An Electric Vehicle Platform For Individuals Businesses And Like Minded People @ http://www.evhub.in/content/how-about-creating-an-electric-vehicle-platform-for-individuals-businesses-and-like-minded-people/
An Esoteric Presentation On Electric Bikes In India @ http://www.evhub.in/content/an-esoteric-presentation-on-electric-bikes-in-india/

Make mine electric, Greens car plan for Melbourne

IT was a simple yet brilliant idea, and it quickly swept the world. In 1932, Ford designer Lewis Bandt attached the front of a car to the back of a truck to create what he christened the ''utility vehicle''.
Almost 80 years later, the ute remains as popular as ever - which may be a bit of a problem, as far as Lewis Bandt's great-nephew is concerned.
Adam Bandt, the Greens candidate for the federal seat of Melbourne, wants to ease Australians out of their petrol cars and into electric vehicles. The Greens, chasing the balance of power in the Senate and a historic victory in the lower house, Labor-held seat of Melbourne, today unveil a policy to promote the use of electric cars in Australia, a move they say will produce a ''massive'' reduction in carbon pollution and free Australia from energy dependence.


For more updates
Follow us on @ Twitter
Join our Group @ Linkedin
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Articles which may be of interest to you. 
Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles @ http://www.evhub.in/content/petition-to-supreme-court-of-india-to-issue-direction-to-government-to-promote-electric-vehicles/
India Ready For Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr. Ananth , M.M. Technologies , Mysore @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles/
India Ready for Electric Vehicles, Interview with Mr.Ananth part 2 @ http://www.evhub.in/content/india-ready-for-electric-vehicles-by-mrananth---2/
Brushless DC Motors - Technology For Future Transportation. Read this article @ http://www.evhub.in/content/brushless-dc-motors---technology-for-future-transportation/
How About Creating An Electric Vehicle Platform For Individuals Businesses And Like Minded People @ http://www.evhub.in/content/how-about-creating-an-electric-vehicle-platform-for-individuals-businesses-and-like-minded-people/
An Esoteric Presentation On Electric Bikes In India @ http://www.evhub.in/content/an-esoteric-presentation-on-electric-bikes-in-india/

Friday, 2 July 2010

Petition To Supreme Court Of India To Issue Direction To Government To Promote Electric Vehicles

PETITION IN THE INTEREST OF PUBLIC & NATION AS A WHOLE

A few manufacturers as well as assemblers have begun marketing electric bi wheelers in India, with only one manufacturer for electric cars. However, owing to limitations in range of travel, power & transmission response, these are not popular although these save fast depleting fossil fuel.

While viewing pages of www.interchina-industry.com  I found there are electric bikes with motor up to 3500 watt & even with 750watt motor & 72 volt input current, 65kms maximum speed, 120kms range of travel per charge, 150kg of load carrying capacity are available costing only USD 400 (Rs.23500) FOB.

Chief Justice of India is URGED TO direct the Central Government & State Governments in India, orany other body authorized to do so, for introduction of these electric vehicles with subsidy in pricing, in the interest of public & nation as well for reasons stated below.

Any internal combustion (IC) engine two wheeler yields about 30 to 40 kms. per litre of Petrol inside city + a little of oil, costing about Rs. 60. The same range of 40 kms. is covered by a electric bi wheeler in one full charge of battery consuming one unit of electricity say Rs. 5.